Ralph Emerson and Frederick Douglas on the Success or Failure of Social Rebels
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This 8 page paper considers the way in which both Ralph Emerson, in his work Self Reliance, and Frederick Douglass, in his Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and considers the way in which both individuals present a self-examination of their character traits that specifically cause social rebels to succeed or fail. No additional sources cited.
Filename: MHDougEm.wps

Rational Belief based on Causation and According to David Hume
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This 3 page report discusses the question of whether or not it is rational to believe that a person will die if he or she is in a head-on collision at 100 miles per hour. Considering such a question in the framework of David Hume�s account of causation, it is important to understand that Hume�s 18th century experiences of the world would have been remarkably different from those of the 21st century. Bibliography lists one source .
Filename: BWcause.wps

Rationalism
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This 6 page paper presents the old rationalist perspective, holding that reason is essential to sustaining society. Rationalism is discussed in depth. Other opinions on the matter are duly noted, but the alternate position is refuted. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: SA011rat.wps

Rationalism (Descartes and Spinoza) and Empiricism (Hobbes and Locke)
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This 2 page report discusses how the writer/philosophers Rene Descartes and Benedict Spinoza would fir into the realm of rationalism while John Locke and Thomas Hobbes would fit into the definitions of empiricism. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: BWdeslok.wps

Rationalist Verses Empiricists Views on Knowledge
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An 11 page discussion of the philosophical debates regarding the nature of human knowledge since the beginning of speech itself. Defines the rationalist and empiricist perspectives offering views from philosophers like Kant, Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, Locke, Hume, and Berkeley as to the validity of each. Bibliography lists 11 sources.
Filename: PPknowlg.wps

Relative Truth or Absolute Truth?
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This 5 page report discusses some of the thinking regarding whether truth is a relative or an absolute concept. Philosophy, in general, revolves around the fervent desire to determine what truth is. Whether or not the discussion is related to government or religion, morality or the act of being, it still is an effort to define what is or is not true. This paper looks at the ideas of some well-known philosophers in terms of whether or not they viewed truth as relative or absolute. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: BWtruth.wps

Religious Prejudice and Bias: Shapers of Major World Events
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A 7 page discussion of the influence of religious prejudice and bias as an underlying theme of such apparently unrelated events as: a)The Transition From Sect to Established Religion, b)European Expansion and Medieval Christianity, c)Reform and Global Expansion, d)Modern Christianity & Pluralism, and e)Modern Christianity & Secularization. Discusses the evolution of religion and culture and that evolution's relation to world events, especially the dominance of just a few religion over others. Provides extensive examples from Christianity to conclude that the common theme underlying many of the major events which have shaped the world is prejudice and bias, a theme which has remained constant from the very beginnings of civilization to the events which we see unfolding around us today. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PPcultPr.wps

Rene Descartes and Reality
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This 5 page report discusses Rene Descartes (1596-1650) and his philosophy regarding reality. While he is most famous for his cognito �I think, therefore I am,� that proclamation is less than an accurate or meaningful statement as it relates to the reality of what Descartes believed to be the existence of humanity. Descartes� �The Meditations� was published in Paris in 1641 and has come to generally be viewed as the most important of all of Descartes� works. It is in �The Meditations� that he best presents his metaphysical and epistemological premises in their entirety. Bibliography lists one source.
Filename: BWrealds.wps

Rene Descartes and the Existence of God
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This 5 page report discusses Rene Descartes� �Meditations� (published in 1641) and emphasizing his work on the First Philosophy. Descartes considers the problems of the sources and nature of knowledge; the validity of truth; the nature and destiny of man; the existence of God, as well as the creation of the universe. His systematic doubt along with the presupposition of a powerful, evil, and most importantly, deceiving spirit, are revealed by Descartes in his �First Meditation.� No other sources.
Filename: BWdesgod.wps

Rene Descartes and �Meditations on First Philosophy�
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This 4 page report discusses Rene Descartes (1596-1650) and his three arguments for doubt as presented in �Meditations on First Philosophy.� No secondary sources.
Filename: BWdesmed.wps

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