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Papers On Biology
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The Evolution of Teeth
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A 10 page outline of the evolution of teeth from the lower vertebrates to more advanced species such as man. Describes the origin of jaw structure and structures such as conodonts (minute toothlike structures) which were the precursors of advanced teeth. Outlines the further evolution of these teeth in the higher mammals with the appearance of features like the hypocone which expanded the grinding surface of teeth and resulted in an explosion of mammal species some forty thousand years ago. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: PPevTeth.wps
The Evolution-Creationism Debate
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This 5 page paper examines both points of view and concludes that these are not necessarily competing theories and may even complement each other. The debate is discussed and each concept is defined and explored. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: SA512evo.rtf
The Evolutionary Theory in Relation to Women and Minority Women Today
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This is a 3 page paper discussing the evolutionary theory in regards to women and minority women today. The evolutionary theory as proposed by Charles Darwin in 1859 in his text �On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life� introduced the ideas of adaptation and change to the environment, natural selection, and �survival of the fittest� a term coined by Herbert Spencer in its application to humans. Although the theories of Darwin have undergone a certain amount of transition themselves over the last 150 years, many of the elements still be applied today. One aspect is its application to women and women minorities in today�s society. Generally, it has been found that both physically and mentally minority women have learned to adapt into new environments more easily than men and women overall have learned certain aggressive behavior necessary for their own survival and the survival of their children.
Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: TJevolw1.rtf
The Future of Stem Cell Research
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An 11 page overview of the current state of stem cell research and its potential for future benefit. Lamenting the current governmental restrictions on embryonic stem cell research, this paper emphasizes the myriad of possibilities that stem cell research holds in terms of improving human life. Bibliography lists 12 sources.
Filename: PPstemC7.rtf
The Genetic Engineering Controversy
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This 4 page paper addresses the problem of food supply and the role of genetic engineering. One article is used as a springboard for discussion. This short paper is separated into three parts, and questions are answered, as requested by a student. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: SA440gen.rtf
The Genetic Pathway and Developmental Evolution
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A 7 page discussion of genetic pathways, specifically the direction of the orderly expression of specific gene subsets, a process which is controlled by tissue-specific transcription factors. Specific DNA target sequences are bound by these transcription factors and, in turn, interact with one another on either a cooperative basis or an antagonistic basis to control expression of the gene subsets. This interaction is aided as well by extracellular signaling molecules which both control and are controlled by the transcription factors. Ties these basic observations together with a review of research on species as diverse as Drosophila melanogaster and zebrafish. An additional 2 pages are appended on this paper which identify several references which could be applicable in an expanded review of this subject. Bibliography lists 13 sources.
Filename: PPgenePt.wps
The Gray Wolf (Canis lupus)
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A 6 page overview of the behavior, ecology, and management concerns which exist for this fascinating carnivore. The gray wolf (Canis lupus) is not only one of the most impressive of the large North American mammals it is also one of the most misunderstood. Recent conservation efforts have been successful in reviving an almost extinct population but this success has not been without its problems. As wolf populations expand their threat to man, whether perceived or real, grows. This paper emphasizes that proper management of the gray wolf involves not just species specific management but ecosystem management as a whole. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPwolf.rtf
The Human Digestive System / Its Phylogenetic and Ontogenetic Development
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A 7 page exploration of the concepts of phylogeny and ontongeny in relation to the digesive system. Discusses the embryonic development of the digestive system and points out that, although it is possible that certain phases of our evolution are reflected in our embryonic development, this reflection is sporadic and quite different from the view held in the nineteenth century that an organism's embryological developmental phases give a clear picture of its evolutionary history. Bibliography lists five sources.
Filename: Humandig.wps
The Impacts of Mendelian Genetics
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A 4 page contention that the result of Gregor Mendel's research has not only changed the way people perceive the world, but also the way people live in it. Carefully quantifying his bservations, Mendel was able to come to produce a set of laws that allow us to predict the genetic outcome of specific genetic crosses. Other geneticists have expanded this knowledge and made it an integral component of many aspects of our lives. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PPmendel.rtf
The Importance of Phylogenetic Relationships in Evolutionary Biology
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A 5 page contention that phylogenetic relationships are a critical component of evolutionary biology. Indeed, it is upon our knowledge of phylogeny which we base much of our theory of evolution. Even in �Origin of Species�, that infamous production of an earlier century which many consider synonymous with the concept of evolution, Darwin relies heavily on his knowledge of phylogeny to assess the characteristics of plants and animals which he observed on his scientific voyage on the �Beagle�. Contends that this is only one example, of the many interrelationships of phylogeny and evolutionary theory which have occurred over time. It, along with the somewhat antiquated concept of ontogeny recapitulating phylogeny, however, illustrates the importance of phylogeny to evolutionary theory. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PPphylog.wps
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